.stack-app{color-scheme:light;--background:var(--card-background);--foreground:var(--card-text-color-main);--muted-foreground:var(--card-text-color-secondary);--border:var(--card-separator-color);--card:var(--card-background);--font-size-base:14px;--viz-series-1:#286a88;--viz-series-2:#ad512d;--viz-series-3:#417562;--viz-series-4:#6c608d;--viz-series-5:#aa7430;--viz-series-6:#497785;--primary:var(--accent-color);--accent:var(--accent-color);--muted:var(--card-text-color-secondary)}
.stack-app *{box-sizing:border-box}.stack-app{scroll-behavior:smooth;scroll-padding-top:24px}.stack-app{background:var(--card-background);color:inherit;font-family:var(--base-font-family);-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}.stack-app a{color:inherit;text-underline-offset:.22em}.stack-app a:focus-visible,
.stack-app summary:focus-visible{outline:2px solid #286a88;outline-offset:4px}.stack-app p{margin:0 0 1.15em;overflow-wrap:anywhere}.stack-app strong{font-weight:700}.stack-app sub,
.stack-app sup{font-size:.74em;line-height:0}.stack-app h1,
.stack-app h2,
.stack-app h3{line-height:1.4}.stack-app h1{font-family:var(--base-font-family);letter-spacing:.015em;margin:22px 0 28px}.stack-app h2{font-family:var(--base-font-family);margin:0 0 28px;overflow-wrap:anywhere}.stack-app h3{font-size:1.792rem;margin:36px 0 14px}.stack-app li{padding-left:.25em;margin-bottom:.65em}.stack-app .layout{display:grid;grid-template-columns:245px minmax(0,1fr);max-width:1440px;margin:auto;gap:48px;padding:0 48px 0 24px}.stack-app aside{align-self:start;position:sticky;top:0;max-height:100vh;overflow:auto;padding:32px 16px 32px 8px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.6}.stack-app aside .brand{font-size:14px;letter-spacing:.08em;margin-bottom:20px}.stack-app nav a{display:block;color:inherit;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--card-separator-color)}.stack-app nav a:hover{color:inherit}.stack-app aside details{border:0;margin:0;padding:0}.stack-app aside summary{font-weight:700;cursor:pointer}.stack-app main{min-width:0;max-width:910px;margin:0 auto}.stack-app .book-cover{padding:76px 0 60px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--card-separator-color)}.stack-app .eyebrow{font-size:13px;letter-spacing:.09em;color:inherit;margin:0 0 14px}.stack-app .lead{font-size:20px;line-height:1.8;max-width:680px}.stack-app .scope{font-size:15px;color:inherit}.stack-app .continue{display:inline-block;margin-top:12px;font-weight:700}.stack-app section{padding:58px 0 22px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--card-separator-color)}.stack-app .eq{font-family:var(--base-font-family);overflow-x:auto;white-space:nowrap;background:var(--card-background);padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0;border-left:1px solid var(--card-separator-color)}.stack-app .level{font-size:15px;line-height:1.9;margin-top:28px;padding:18px 0 8px;color:inherit}.stack-app .table-wrap{overflow-x:auto;margin:22px 0 28px}.stack-app table{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;min-width:520px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.85}.stack-app th,
.stack-app td{text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding:12px 14px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--card-separator-color)}.stack-app th{font-weight:700;background:var(--card-background)}.stack-app td:first-child{min-width:108px}.stack-app details{margin:18px 0;border-top:1px solid var(--card-separator-color);border-bottom:1px solid var(--card-separator-color);padding:14px 0}.stack-app summary{font-size:15px;font-weight:700;cursor:pointer;color:inherit;line-height:1.8}.stack-app details p{margin:16px 0 4px;font-size:16px}.stack-app .course-plot,
.stack-app .new-circuit{max-width:420px;margin:28px auto}.stack-app .course-plot svg,
.stack-app .new-circuit svg{display:block;width:100%;height:auto}.stack-app .course-plot figcaption,
.stack-app .new-circuit figcaption{font-size:13px;line-height:1.8;color:inherit;margin-top:10px}.stack-app .new-circuit{max-width:360px}.stack-app .circuit-pair{margin:30px 0 22px;--font-size-base:14px}.stack-app .circuit-pair figure{margin:0!important}.stack-app .circuit-pair .diagrams{justify-content:center}.stack-app .circuit-pair svg{color:var(--foreground)}.stack-app .correction{border-left:1px solid var(--card-separator-color);padding-left:18px;font-size:15px}.stack-app .route{font-size:17px;line-height:2.1;color:inherit;padding:20px 0;margin:20px 0;border-top:1px solid var(--card-separator-color);border-bottom:1px solid var(--card-separator-color)}.stack-app footer{padding:55px 0 72px;font-size:14px;color:inherit}.stack-app footer h2{font-size:1.92rem}.stack-app .top-link{font-size:13px}
@media(min-width:1000px){.stack-app aside summary{display:none}.stack-app aside details:not([open])>nav{display:block}}
@media(max-width:999px){.stack-app .layout{display:block;padding:0 32px;max-width:900px}.stack-app aside{position:static;max-height:none;padding:20px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--card-separator-color)}.stack-app aside .brand{display:none}.stack-app nav{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:0 24px}.stack-app .book-cover{padding-top:48px}.stack-app{}}
@media(max-width:540px){.stack-app .layout{padding:0 16px}.stack-app h1{font-size:3.392rem}.stack-app h2{font-size:2.464rem}.stack-app{}.stack-app .lead{font-size:18px}.stack-app h3{font-size:17px}.stack-app .eyebrow{font-size:12px}.stack-app section{padding-top:38px}.stack-app .eq{font-size:16px;padding:12px;line-height:2.2}.stack-app nav{display:block}.stack-app .book-cover{padding-top:35px}.stack-app .circuit-pair .diagrams{gap:20px}.stack-app .circuit-pair figure{flex-basis:288px!important}.stack-app .course-plot{max-width:370px}.stack-app th,
.stack-app td{padding:10px}.stack-app .scope{font-size:14px}}
@media print{.stack-app{background:var(--card-background)}.stack-app .layout{display:block;padding:0}.stack-app aside{display:none}.stack-app main{max-width:none}.stack-app .book-cover{padding:20px 0}.stack-app section{break-before:page;border:0}.stack-app .course-plot,
.stack-app .circuit-pair,
.stack-app .new-circuit,
.stack-app .eq,
.stack-app table{break-inside:avoid}.stack-app details>p{display:block}.stack-app details{break-inside:avoid}.stack-app a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}.stack-app{scroll-behavior:auto}}


.stack-app .lesson-diagram{margin:30px 0;--font-size-base:14px}
.stack-app .lesson-diagram .panels{align-items:start}
.stack-app .reading-links{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px 20px;margin-bottom:18px}
.stack-app .reading-links a{font-size:14px}
.stack-app .new-circuit{max-width:288px}
.stack-app .chapter-circuit{width:100%;max-width:360px;margin:32px auto;color:inherit}
.stack-app .chapter-circuit svg{display:block;width:100%;height:auto}
.stack-app .eq{max-width:100%}
@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.stack-app{scroll-behavior:auto}}
.stack-app .c3-full{scroll-margin-top:24px}
.stack-app .c3-full h3{font-size:1.856rem;margin-top:28px}
.stack-app .c3-full .source-note{font-size:1.44rem;line-height:1.9;color:inherit}
.stack-app .c3-full .callout,
.stack-app .c3-full .example{padding:20px 24px;border-left:1px solid var(--card-separator-color);background:var(--card-background);margin:24px 0}
.stack-app .c3-full details.answer{margin:15px 0;padding:16px 20px;border:1px solid var(--card-separator-color);border-radius:var(--card-border-radius)}
.stack-app .c3-full summary{cursor:pointer;font-weight:600;line-height:1.8}
.stack-app .c3-full .eq{overflow-x:auto;line-height:2.1;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}
.stack-app .c3-panels{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:20px}
.stack-app .c3-full .chapter-circuit{max-width:400px}
.stack-app .c3-full .chapter-circuit.c3-wide{max-width:min(100%,var(--svg-base-width,900px));overflow-x:auto;padding:12px 0;border-block:1px solid var(--border,#d7ddd9)}
.stack-app .c3-wide svg{min-width:var(--svg-base-width,640px)}
.stack-app .c3-wide figcaption{font-size:12px;color:inherit;margin-top:12px}
.stack-app .c3-diff-lab{padding:20px;border:1px solid var(--card-separator-color);background:var(--card-background);margin:24px 0}
.stack-app .c3-diff-lab label{display:block;font-weight:600}.stack-app .c3-diff-lab input[type=range]{display:block;width:100%;margin:20px 0;accent-color:#26765b}
.stack-app .c3-reset{display:flex;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap}.stack-app .c3-reset button{font-family:var(--base-font-family);font-size:14px;padding:8px 12px;cursor:pointer;background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--card-separator-color);border-radius:var(--card-border-radius);color:inherit}
.stack-app .c3-reset button:focus-visible,
.stack-app .c3-diff-lab input:focus-visible{outline:3px solid #26765b;outline-offset:3px}
@media(max-width:700px){.stack-app .c3-panels{grid-template-columns:1fr}.stack-app .c3-full .callout,
.stack-app .c3-full .example{padding:16px}.stack-app .c3-full details.answer{padding:14px}.stack-app .c3-full .table-wrap{overflow-x:auto}}

.stack-app main li,
.stack-app main p{overflow-wrap:anywhere}.stack-app .collection-math-display,
.stack-app .collection-math-inline{position:relative}.stack-app .collection-math-display{max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;overscroll-behavior-x:contain;padding-block:.3em}.stack-app .collection-math-display>.katex-display{margin:.35em 0;text-align:inherit}.stack-app .collection-math-inline{display:inline-block;max-width:100%;vertical-align:-.15em;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;font-family:var(--base-font-family);background:transparent!important;padding:0!important}.stack-app .collection-math-inline>.katex{font-size:1.04em}.stack-app .collection-math-svg{overflow:visible;pointer-events:none}.stack-app .collection-math-svg .katex{font-size:1em}.stack-app .eq:has(>.katex),
.stack-app .formula:has(>.katex){font-family:inherit}.stack-app .katex-display>.katex{white-space:nowrap} .stack-app .katex .katex-mathml{white-space:nowrap}

    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p31-ab {color:inherit}
    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p31-ab .panels {display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(min(100%,288px),1fr));gap:20px}
    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p31-ab .circuit {display:block;width:100%;height:400px}
    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p31-ab .wire {fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.8;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round}
    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p31-ab .dot {fill:currentColor}
    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p31-ab text {fill:var(--foreground);font-size:var(--font-size-base);font-family:var(--base-font-family)}
  

    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p31-cd {color:inherit}
    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p31-cd .panels {display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(min(100%,288px),1fr));gap:20px}
    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p31-cd .circuit {display:block;width:100%;height:400px}
    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p31-cd .wire {fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.8;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round}
    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p31-cd .dot {fill:currentColor}
    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p31-cd text {fill:var(--foreground);font-size:var(--font-size-base);font-family:var(--base-font-family)}
  

    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p31-ef {color:inherit}
    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p31-ef .panels {display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(min(100%,288px),1fr));gap:20px}
    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p31-ef .circuit {display:block;width:100%;height:410px}
    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p31-ef .wire {fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.8;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round}
    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p31-ef .dot {fill:currentColor}
    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p31-ef text {fill:var(--foreground);font-size:var(--font-size-base);font-family:var(--base-font-family)}
  

    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p32-a {color:inherit}
    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p32-a .panels {display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(min(100%,288px),1fr));gap:20px}
    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p32-a .circuit {display:block;width:100%;height:545px}
    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p32-a .wire {fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.8;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round}
    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p32-a .dot {fill:currentColor}
    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p32-a .port {fill:var(--background);stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.8}
    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p32-a text {fill:var(--foreground);font-size:var(--font-size-base);font-family:var(--base-font-family)}
  

    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p32-b{color:inherit}
    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p32-b .panels{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(min(100%,288px),1fr));gap:20px}
    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p32-b .circuit{display:block;width:100%;height:420px}
    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p32-b .wire{fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.8;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke-linecap:round}
    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p32-b .dot{fill:currentColor}
    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p32-b .port{fill:var(--background);stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.8}
    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p32-b text{fill:var(--foreground);font-size:var(--font-size-base);font-family:var(--base-font-family)}
  

    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p32-c{color:inherit}
    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p32-c .panels{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(min(100%,288px),1fr));gap:20px}
    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p32-c .circuit{display:block;width:100%;height:445px}
    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p32-c .wire{fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.8;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke-linecap:round}
    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p32-c .dot{fill:currentColor}
    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p32-c .port{fill:var(--background);stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.8}
    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p32-c text{fill:var(--foreground);font-size:var(--font-size-base);font-family:var(--base-font-family)}
  

    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p33{color:inherit}
    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p33 svg{display:block;width:100%;height:370px}
    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p33 .wire{fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.6}
    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p33 rect{fill:var(--muted);stroke:var(--border);stroke-width:1}
    .stack-app #ch3-quiz-p33 text{fill:var(--foreground);font-size:var(--font-size-base);font-family:var(--base-font-family)}